That global context includes the 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. While the Convention has not yet gone into effect, Mexico has acceded to it and both the United States and the European Union have signed, thus indicating their intention to move forward with ratification and implementation. The Convention provides a parallel to the New York Arbitration Convention, by providing that courts in Contracting States shall (1) recognize and enforce exclusive choice of court agreements (Article 5); (2) defer to courts chosen in such agreements (Article 6); and (3) recognize and enforce the judgments resulting from litigation based on such agreements (Article 8). In Article 9, the Hague Convention contains a carefully constructed set of bases for non-recognition of a foreign judgment. That list includes the following:

(e) recognition or enforcement would be manifestly incompatible with the public policy of the requested State, including situations where the specific proceedings leading to the judgment were incompatible with fundamental principles of procedural fairness of that State.

The official report to the Convention, at paragraph 189, states that the second part of this provision “is intended to focus attention on serious procedural failings in the particular case at hand.” Thus the ship of case-specific exceptions has not only set sail in the United States, but globally as well. If it is appropriate to allow case-specific review for due process purposes when both parties have explicitly agreed to have the case heard in the court that has rendered the judgment, it seems reasonable to allow the same when one party has specifically requested (through forum non conveniens) that the case be heard in the court that has rendered the judgment.

I noted both in my Columbia Law Review Sidebar comments, and my comments on this blog yesterday, that any adjustment to U.S. law on either forum non conveniens or the recognition of foreign judgments should be accomplished only within the context of our global relationships on these issues. In this regard, unilateral liberalization of our standards for recognition of judgments could harm the U.S. position in the current efforts at the Hague Conference on Private International Law to resurrect the judgments portion of the general jurisdiction and judgments convention negotiations that occurred during the 1990’s. At the April 2012 Council on General Affairs and Policy of the Conference, an experts group was asked to continue discussion of this project. History has demonstrated that unilateral liberalization of U.S. rules on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments places us in a very difficult negotiating position when trying to get other states to extend similar treatment to U.S. judgments.

Both the doctrine of forum non conveniens and the law of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are parts of a global framework of laws that deal with questions raised by the fact that jurisdiction may be available in multiple courts. Potential for forum shopping raises the possibility of parallel litigation, and states differ in their legal approach to these issues. Just as the 2005 Hague Convention provides an example of a global position on review of case-specific due process for judgments recognition purposes, Articles 21 and 22 of the 2001 Hague Interim Text for a convention on jurisdiction and judgments provide an example of a compromise between the strict civil law lis pendens approach to parallel litigation and the discretionary common law forum non conveniens approach. These should be part of the discussion of any U.S. developments in either of these two important areas of private international law.

The post The Global Context for Forum Non Conveniens and for Case-Specific Exceptions to Recognition of Foreign Judgments appeared first on Letters Blogatory. Letters Blogatory by Ted Folkman and contributors is © 2011-2024 and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images may be separately licensed.

Professors Christopher A. Whytock and Cassandra Burke Robertson, have provided a solid discussion of the doctrines of forum non conveniens and the recognition of foreign judgments in their Columbia Law Review article. I have commented on that article in the Columbia Law Review Sidebar. Ted Folkman has now allowed us to continue this discussion in Letters Blogatory, and I welcome that opportunity.

Whytock and Robertson suggest a sort of harmonization of the doctrine of forum non conveniens and the law on recognition of judgments by raising the standard defendants must meet to obtain a forum non conveniens dismissal and then allowing a modified estoppel argument when any resulting foreign judgment is brought back to the United States for recognition and enforcement.

I have noted in the Columbia Law Review Sidebar that the Whytock and Robertson analysis is, I believe, oversimplified. Though they engage in rigorous consideration of the two stages of private international law in the United States, there are weaknesses to their proposal.

A first weakness comes from the proposal’s inconsistency with internal reality as recognized by both the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) and the American Law Institute. In 2005, each of these institutions adopted a new text for dealing with foreign judgment recognition. NCCUSL adopted the Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act (Recognition Act) and the ALI adopted the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments: Analysis and Proposed Federal Statute (ALI Statute). In each case, scholars, judges, and practitioners realized the need to extend the bases for denial of recognition of a foreign judgment from the former test of impartiality on a systemic basis by adding individual case-focused due process analysis as a basis for non-recognition. In the Recognition Act, Article 7 now includes the following grounds for non-recognition:

(7) the foreign-country judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial doubt about the integrity of the rendering court with respect to the foreign-country judgment; or

(8) the specific proceeding in the foreign court leading to the foreign-country judgment was not compatible with the requirements of due process of law.

In the ALI Statute, section 5(a) requires non-recognition not only when the national judicial system from which the judgment arises fails to provide “impartial tribunals or procedures compatible with fundamental principles of fairness,” § 5(a)(i), but also when “the judgment was rendered in circumstances that raise substantial and justifiable doubt about the integrity of the rendering court with respect to the judgment in question.” § 5(a)(ii). Thus, while NCCUSL and the ALI disagree rather dramatically on the source of the rules for recognition of foreign judgments (state or federal law), they are consistent on adding a case-by-case analysis of the fairness of the proceedings in the foreign court. This is a rather substantial development in U.S. judgments recognition law, and runs counter to the Whytock and Robertson proposal. I tend to find the NCCUSL/ALI approach more appropriate on this issue.

I see a further weakness in the failure of the proposal to properly consider its context in rules of private international law outside the United States. At base, questions of forum non conveniens and foreign judgments recognition raise issues of parallel litigation. The discretionary approach of the common law forum non conveniens doctrine differs substantially from the strict lis alibi pendens approach of the civil law. While the forum non conveniens doctrine is subject to abuse, so is the lis pendens doctrine. The race to the court house created by awarding the first court seised with jurisdictional priority has defects quite obvious to any American lawyer. Nonetheless, it is the simple, predictable, and efficient rule of civil law sources such as Article 27 of the European Union’s Brussels I Regulation. If Whytock and Robertson are seeking simplicity and predictability, the lis pendens path would be both more efficient and more consistent with our global trading partners than a modified forum non conveniens/recognition of judgments proposal. Like the Whytock and Robertson proposal, however, it would come with its own defects that I have discussed elsewhere. (Ronald A. Brand, Balancing Sovereignty and Party Autonomy in Private International Law: Regression at the European Court of Justice, in Universalism, Tradition and the Individual, Liber amicorum dedicated to Professor Petar Šarčivič 35 (Johan Erauw, Vesna Tomljenovic, and Paul Volken, eds., 2006). The elevation of a first-to-file rule over the equitable principles that underly the doctrine of forum non conveniens have proved hard to swallow for the United Kingdom, and would be troublesome to most U.S. practitioners as well. Nonetheless, it would provide a simple, and rational, “fix” for any perceived imbalance between forum non conveniens and judgments recognition.

There is another way at looking at the forum non conveniens/judgments recognition paring. In cases like the Lago Agrio litigation, commentators have focused on what they perceive to be the problems of those doctrines. But one must ask if these doctrines are the real problem. The bottom line is that if we ask rational questions, we may be led to a very different focus resulting from a different definition of the problem. I suggest the following questions (that reflect my comments above), followed by my answers to each of them:

• Should a U.S. defendant in a U.S. court that moves for dismissal based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens expect that a judgment from the resulting action filed in the more convenient forum can and should be brought back to the United States for recognition and enforcement? Yes
• Should that defendant be entitled to due process and fair treatment in the foreign court? Yes
• If the foreign proceedings do not satisfy U.S. standards of due process, should the defendant (now the judgment debtor) be able to challenge the resulting judgment in a U.S. court by claiming fundamental procedural unfairness? Yes
• Will the closing of the circle in a case that begins with forum non conveniens dismissal in a U.S. court and then moves to a request for recognition and enforcement of the subsequent foreign judgment in the same action challenge U.S. and foreign legal systems by absorbing much more time and resources than would be ideal? Yes
• Are equitable common law doctrines such as forum non conveniens, based primarily on efficiency? No

The question is how to combine and balance jurisprudential considerations of equity and efficiency, while providing what we can consider to be justice in most cases in the final result. This leads to a further set of questions and answers:

• Has the existing system of transnational litigation reached the goal of efficient and equitable results in providing redress for serious violations of the rights of certain groups of people? No
• Is it appropriate to liberalize existing requirements for the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment to make it easier to recognize and enforce a foreign judgment because that judgment resulted from foreign litigation originally dismissed in the United States on the basis of forum non conveniens? No
• Is it appropriate to consider how the transnational judicial framework might better offer results that hold developed countries responsible for harm caused in the name of profit in developing countries? Yes

The problem may well be a more fundamental one than can be described by mere tinkering with rules of private international law. Perhaps we should first clearly define the problem and then ask whether rules of private international law are the source of the problem or simply a resulting focus for disagreement in litigation process. I would suggest that, in the Lago Agrio case, the real problem is something much different, and perhaps more fundamental, than an imbalance in rules of private international law.

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